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ETC■■■THE PERIODIC TABLE & ELEMENT PROPERTIES DATABASE ■0100 │ ƒ2 Elements Periodic table & element property database. │ The periodic table screen of The Integral Scientist permits you to select an element and see five screens of additional information. ~> THE PERIODIC TABLE SCREEN < ~> After selecting the Elements function at the main menu, you see a < ~> periodic table presented in standard long form. If you haven't < ~> changed any options the periodic table will be filled with the < ~> element symbols and the cursor displays the atomic number. < ~ You can select an element from the table by moving the selector box with the cursor keys, by clicking on an element with the mouse or by using the find key to locate an element by number, symbol or name. Basic information for the currently selected element is displayed in the information window. Each element also has five categories of additional data displayed in information windows. Use the button bar in the bottom line to select the window of additional information to display. ~> THE ELEMENT CURSOR < ~> Move the cursor box around in the table with the arrow keys. Notice < ~> that it jumps to the next element across the gaps and rolls back to < ~> the opposite end at the edges. Try the plus and minus keys to move < ~> the cursor through the entire table in increasing or decreasing < ~> order. If you have a mouse, try moving the mouse cursor over an < ~> element and clicking the left button. The cursor box will move to < ~> that element. Try clicking on the area to the right of element 109 < ~> in the table. You'll see that although the undiscovered superheavy < ~> elements don't show on the table, you can select them anyway. You < ~> can also scroll to them from 109. < ~ ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0300 SELECTING ELEMENTS You can move easily from window to window or with equal ease, select different element while viewing a window. To view other elements in a group, use the up and down arrow keys. To view elements of a period, use the [ctrl-left] and [ctrl-right] arrow keys. The plus and minus keys and the [ƒ10] find key opens a dialog window in which you enter a symbol, number or name of an element. The find function works in both the periodic table screen and the information screens. ~> FINDING AN ELEMENT BY SYMBOL OR NUMBER < ~> Whether at an information screen or at the periodic table, you can < ~> find an element by symbol, or number by pressing ƒ10. At the < ~> prompt, enter a symbol and press enter. The current screen will now < ~> be set to the new element. Numbers can also be entered that way. < ~ ~> FINDING AN ELEMENT BY NAME < ~> Press [f10] and begin entering an element name. You don't even have < ~> to enter all of it; just enough to be unique. Press [enter] and if < ~> your entry is valid, the new element will be selected. Try the < ~> following exercise: Enter C and you'll find Carbon, enter Ca and < ~> you'll find Calcium. Both of those entries are valid symbols. < ~> Enter Cal and you'll still select Calcium because that is the first < ~> entry in the periodic table to match that partial name. Enter Cali, < ~> however and you'll select Californium! < ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0305 PERIODIC TABLE BASIC INFORMATION WINDOW At the periodic table screen, a small window of basic information is displayed. It is updated as the element selection cursor is moved around the periodic table. ┌─ symbol ü ┌─ name é ┌─ atomic number â ╔═══╤═══════════════════════════╤═══╗ ║ H │ HYDROGEN │ 1 ║ ╟───┘ non-metal └───╢ ── common class ä ║ traditional group: Ia ║ ── group à ║ atomic weight: 1.00794 ║ ── atomic weight å ║ state: Gas density: 0.0899 ║ ── stateç & density ê ║ ox states: -1 +1 ║ ── oxidation states ë ║ e- shells: 1s1 ║ ── electron shells è ╚═══════════════════════════════════╝ ~> BASIC ELEMENT INFORMATION < ~> Notice that as you move the cursor, the basic information window < ~> nested in the short period gap is updated with information on the < ~> element currently selected by the cursor box. In many periodic < ~> table programs, that is all the information you get, but in The < ~> Integral Scientist it's just the beginning! Press the [enter] key or < ~> click your mouse on the current selection to see more. < ________________________________________________________________________________ »üSymbol Each formally recognized element is assigned an internationally recognized symbol. The first or only letter of the symbol is always capitalized. For example, carbon is C. Fe, the symbol for iron, is an example of a symbol derived from the historical name Ferrum rather than the current official name. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éName The common name of the element is that which is accepted for use in chemical literature. A disparity between the symbol and the common name usually indicates that the historical name differs from the modern common name. An example is Potassium, the accepted modern name for the element K which had the historical name Kalium. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âAtomic Number The atomic number of an element is equivalent to the number of protons in the nucleus and therefore the number of unit electrical charges in its nucleus. The number indicates the element's position in the Periodic Table. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äCommon Class A name for the element's group. For example, group 17 (VIIa) elements are called "halogens." ________________________________________________________________________________ »àGroup An element's group indicates its vertical column. Elements of a group have the same outer shell electron configuration and therefore tend to have similar chemical properties and reactivities. The group designation can be set to either traditional or IUPAC designation by using the [ctrl-ƒ4] customization menu. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åAtomic Weight Atomic weight is the standard mass of an element. The most abundant isotope of carbon (6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons) is assigned a value of 12. Atomic weights, by convention, reflect the most common relative mixture of isotopes for each element, thus producing the fractional numbers. ________________________________________________________________________________ »çState The normal condition physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of the element. Normal, (standard) conditions are temperature at 298.15 K and pressure at 0.1MPa. ________________________________________________________________________________ »êDensity Density (specific gravity) is mass per volume in grams per cubic centimeters at standard conditions. (Usually 3.98 C & 1 atmosphere) ________________________________________________________________________________ »ëOxidation States The most common oxidation states for the element. A positive number indicates that the element "loses" valence electrons. A negative number is the number of valence electrons which can be gained. ________________________________________________________________________________ »èElectron Shells The electron configuration of the element is expressed as two parts. The core, consisting of the fully populated inner shells is shown as the inert element symbol inside brackets, e.g. [Kr]. The valence or outer shell electrons are portrayed by the count in each of the subshells: s p d f The outer shell description is expressed as a code: ┌──── shell number │┌─── subshell letter 3p6── electron count ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0310 PERIODIC TABLE COMMANDS The drop-down help menu for the periodic table lists all the actions you can take at the periodic table screen. ~> At the periodic table screen of the Elements function you have a < ~> variety of commands available to you. Press [f1] to display the < ~> drop-down menu of commands. Commands in the menu enclosed in square < ~> brackets can be entered at the menu by key or by clicking on the < ~> menu line with your mouse. < ~ ╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ arrow keys move through periodic table ║ ─┐ ║ ctrl∙left/right arrow goto end of row ║ ├─ ü ║ [+] toward higher numbers ║ │ ║ [-] toward lower numbers ║ │ ║ [home] goto element 1 ║ │ ║ [end] goto to element 109 ║ ─┘ ║ [ƒ10] goto number or symbol ║ ─── é ║ [enter] view selected data screen ║ ─── α ║ [alt∙ƒ5] print or save a report ║ ─── ß ║ [^ƒ4] set display options ║ ─── â ╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ ~> Commands which are not enclosed in brackets are multiple choice < ~> commands. Press esc to close the menu then execute the command of < ~> your choice. < ~ Click on the footnote marks or press [ƒ9] to reveal footnote codes. ________________________________________________________________________________ »üCursor Movement Keys Although a click of the mouse can select any of the elements in the table, you can also move the element cursor with the arrow keys. The control left and right arrow keys take the cursor to each end of a period. To roll the cursor through the table in either direction, use the plus and minus keys. Finally, [home] and [end] take the marker to elements 1 and 109. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éThe Find Key With the [ƒ10] "find" key you can locate an element by number, symbol or name. When you press [ƒ10] or begin entering a symbol, number or name from the keyboard, an entry window opens. A numeric entry from 1 through 118 will move the cursor to that element. Entering a valid element symbol will also find the element. If you are unsure of the symbol or number, begin entering the name of an element. Find will locate the first element in the table matching any fraction of a name which is NOT a symbol. C locates Carbon, CA locates Calcium, (valid symbols). CAL also locates Calcium because it is the first element which matches the partial name entry. CALI locates Californium, but CALIS produces an error screen. There is no element matching that string of characters! Completely spelled names also work. ________________________________________________________________________________ »αInformation Screens ≈315 For a more detailed explanation of the information screens, turn to the next page of this file. Press Y or click on YES to do that now, or press any other key to close this link. ________________________________________________________________________________ »ßThe Report Utility ≈1310 ÷IS_INTRO.ISD The use of the report utility with which you can send a report to your printer or to a text file from each of the functions is explained in detail elsewhere. To read that section, press Y or click on YES. You can later return to this page by using the "backup" command [alt-B]. Otherwise, press any other key to close this link window. ________________________________________________________________________________ »ΓThe Options Menu ≈325 The options menu for the periodic table function is explained under the heading "Periodic Table Options". Click YES or press Y to go to that page now, or press any other key to close this link window. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0315 ELEMENT INFORMATION DATA PAGES The central panel displayed along with the periodic table shows some of the basic information for the current element. The Integral Scientist, however provides you with access to much more. At the periodic table, press the [enter] key and you are presented with five more screens of information on the current element. The buttons on the bottom line of the screen shows which page of data you are viewing. The left and right cursor keys change the data page, but even with a data page selected you can still move around in the periodic table using the plus and minus keys, the up and down arrow keys and the [ƒ10] goto key. Some data pages contain more than one screen of information. When additional screens are present, there are indicators at the bottom or top right corners of the screen. Use the [PgDn] and [PgUp] keys to scroll the data page or click your mouse on the indicators. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0320 THE INFORMATION SCREENS As you move from element to element on the main Periodic Table screen you are only a keystroke away from further information about each atomic element. Press the [enter] and the first of five full screen windows will open. Each window contains information from an information category concerning the currently selected element. Use the left and right arrow keys to move from one information screen to the next. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0325 ELEMENT INFORMATION SCREENS MENU ~> At the Elements function information screens a selection of commands < ~> are available as displayed in the drop-down menu. Press [f1] at the < ~> information screen to display the menu then Key in a command or < ~> click on the menu line to execute the command. < ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ left/right arrows window left or right ║ ─── ü ║ up/down arrow keys scroll through element group ║ ─┐ ║ ctrl∙left/right arrow scroll in period ║ │ ║ [+] toward higher numbers ║ ├─ é ║ [-] toward lower numbers ║ │ ║ [home] goto element 1 ║ │ ║ [end] goto element 109 ║ ─┘ ║ pgup/pgdn scroll window up/down ║ ─── â ║ [ƒ10] goto element by number or symbol ║ ─── α ║ [alt∙ƒ5] print or save a report ║ ─── ß ║ [enter] ┐ ║ ║ [alt∙ƒ4]/[esc] ┴─ return to periodic table ║ ─── ä ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ Return to the information screen without executing a command by pressing escape or clicking anywhere other than on a command selection line. ________________________________________________________________________________ »üSelect An Information Screen With the left and right arrow keys you can select one of the five information screens. Screens can also be selected by clicking on the named button or by pressing the alt key and the first letter of the category ________________________________________________________________________________ »éSelecting A Different Element From The Information Screens When you are viewing an information screen you still have most of the tools available with which to select a different element. Move through an element group with the up or down arrow keys. Move toward higher or lower numbered elements with the plus and minus keys. Go to 1 or 109 with [home] and [end]. To move across a period, use the control left and right keys. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âScroll Information In A Window For some elements, the Nuclear or Spectral windows may have more lines of data than will fit on a single screen. To see additional information lines use the PageUp and PageDn keys or click on the marks in the right corners of the scroll area. Many elements have more than the displayed three lines of reduction sequences. Use the PageUp and PageDn keys or click on the marks to view the additional sequences. ________________________________________________________________________________ »αThe Find Command ≈310 The [ƒ10] find or goto key works exactly the same in the information screens as at the periodic table. Click on YES to return to the periodic table commands page and then open the footnote on the find key for a more detailed explanation. ________________________________________________________________________________ »ßThe Report Utility ≈1310 ÷IS_INTRO.ISD The use of the report utility with which you can send a report to your printer or to a text file from each of the functions is explained in detail elsewhere. To read that section, press Y or click on YES. You can later return to this page by using the "backup" command [alt-B]. Otherwise, press any other key to close this link window. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äReturn To The Periodic Table Press [enter] or click on the return button to return to the periodic table. You may, of course, also use the standard <esc> or [@∙ƒ4] keys which always to control back one level. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0330 CHANGING ELEMENTS WHILE VIEWING SPECIAL INFO SCREENS You can use the up and down arrow keys to move up or down in the periodic table, thus making quick comparisons of the members of an element group. Hold the control key down and press the left and right arrow keys to move horizontally in the periodic table. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0335 USING THE EXTENDED INFORMATION SCREENS The extended information screens are arranged in five categories. To access the different data screens use the left and right arrow keys to move the selector highlight, press the first letter of the screen keyword or click the button for the screen you want to view. ~> FIVE SCREENS OF ELEMENT INFORMATION < ~> When you press [enter], you see the first of five additional screens < ~> of information for each element. The first screen you see will be < ~> the General information screen. Notice that on the bottom button < ~> bar is a set of buttons labeled General, Physical, Ionic, Nuclear < ~> and Spectral. Click on those buttons or move the highlight with < ~> your left and right arrow keys to see the additional screens. With < ~> a different screen selected, press [enter] to return to the periodic < ~> table. Back at the periodic table, select a different element and < ~> press or click on [enter] again. You will return to the information < ~> screen you had last selected. < ┌─ General information │ ┌─ Physical and structural information │ │ ┌─ Data about the various ions │ │ │ ┌─ Information about nuclear isotopes │ │ │ │ ┌─ Spectroscopic data ░░General░Physical░Ionic░Nuclear░Spectral░░ ~> CHANGING ELEMENTS IN INFORMATION SCREENS < ~> With an information screen displayed, experiment with changing < ~> elements. In the bottom button bar you'll see the arrow keys and < ~> plus and minus keys. click on them or press the keys to see that < ~> the element selection changes just as it did when viewing the table. < ~> There is one exception. Clicking on the left and right arrow keys < ~> works as expected, but when viewing the information screen, the left < ~> and right arrows change the screen. Use the control left and right < ~> keys to move the element selection within a period or you can also < ~> use the plus and minus keys. < ~ _______________________________________________________________________________ ■0340 GENERAL INFORMATION SCREEN The first Extended Information screen contains current element data for the following items: Symbol ────────┐ Abundance in ───────────┐ Atomic Number ├─ ü Continental Crust ├─ å Common Class │ Oceanic Crust │ Group │ Primitive Mantle │ Atomic Weight ─┘ Orgueil C1 Chondrite │ Period é Solar Photosphere │ Historical Name â Solar System ────────┘ Discoverer ä Common natural occurrences ç discovery date ä Hazardous properties ê Human daily intake limits à Physical and chemical description ë _______________________________________________________________________________ »üBasic Information Symbol ────────┐ Atomic Number ├─ For more information on these facts, see footnotes Common Class │ for the page on the basic information window. Group │ Atomic Weight ─┘ ________________________________________________________________________________ »éPeriod The row in which the element occurs in the periodic table. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âHistorical Name In some cases, the modern name for the element is different from the historical name from which the symbol was derived. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äDiscoverer And Discovery Date The year the element was discovered and the person or organization recognized or claiming the discovery. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àHuman Daily Intake Limits Established minimum requirements of human daily intake expressed in milligrams per day. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åAbundances Continental Crust : Abundance of the element in ppm in that portion of the earth's crust within the bounds of the continental shelves. Oceanic Crust : Abundance of the element in ppm in that portion of the earth's crust outside the bounds of the continental shelves. Primitive Mantle : Abundance of the element in ppm in earth's proto-mantle region. Orgueil C1 Chondrite : Abundance of the element in ppm in the C1 metallic meteorite. Solar Photosphere : Abundance of the element expressed as a log base 10 value relative to the abundance of hydrogen within the outer (photosphere) region of the sun's mass. Solar System : The abundance of the element detected or theorized for the solar system as a whole. The value is expressed as a value relative to that for 10E+6 atoms of silicon. ________________________________________________________________________________ »çCommon Natural Occurrences Lists the minerals, ores, or other natural sources of the element. If none are listed, the element does not normally occur naturally. ________________________________________________________________________________ »êHazardous Properties A list of established hazardous properties such as flammability, toxicity, radioactivity, etc. ________________________________________________________________________________ »ëPhysical And Chemical Description A brief identification oriented description of the physical characteristics and chemical behavior of the element. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0345 PHYSICAL INFORMATION SCREEN The second screen contains data concerning the physical properties of the element. Normal state ─────────┐ Crystal Structure å Melting Point ├─ ü Molar Enthalpy of: ─┐ Boiling Point │ atomization ├─ ç Critical Temperature ─┘ fusion │ Density é vaporization ────┘ Electrical Resistivity â Molar Heat Capacity ê Thermal Conductivity ä Coefficient of Linear Expansion ë Molar Volume à Debye Temperature è ________________________________________________________________________________ »üState Transitions Normal State: The physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of the element at standard temperature (298.15 K) and pressure (0.1MPa). Melting Point: The temperature (at 0.1MPa) at which the element in the solid state will liquefy. Boiling Point: The temperature (at 0.1MPa) at which the element in the liquid state will boil. Critical Temperature: The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by high pressure. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éDensity The mass per volume in grams per cubic centimeters at standard conditions. Pure H2O has a density of 1.0 g/cc at 3.98 degrees C under a pressure of 1 atmosphere. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âElectrical Resistivity The resistance offered by a cylindrical rod with a cross-sectional area of 1 square centimeter to the passage of current measured in microhms. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äThermal Conductivity The conductivity of heat through the element measured in Joules per square meter (cross section) per meter (length) per degree Kelvin per second. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àMolar Volume The volume of one mole of substance defined as the molecular weight divided by the density. The measure is in cubic centimeters per mole. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åCrystal Structure The crystal structure of a substance influences many physical properties. Most of the solid metals exist as lattices with closely packed atoms. The three most common forms of packing are: 1 face-centered-cubic ─┐ (cubic-close-packed) ├─ 12 equidistant closest neighbors 2 hexagonal-close-packed ─┘ 3 body-centered-cubic ────┬─ 8 nearest equidistant neighbors └─ 6 neighbors 15% further distant ________________________________________________________________________________ »çMolar Enthalpy The amount of heat energy in kJ per mole to effect the transition of: atomization : to convert the element to individual gaseous atoms. fusion : to convert the element from solid to liquid state. vaporization : to convert the element from liquid to gaseous state. ________________________________________________________________________________ »êMolar Heat Capacity The amount of heat in Joules per mole per degree K required to raise the temperature of one mole of substance one degree Kelvin. ________________________________________________________________________________ »ëCoefficient Of Linear Expansion The relative physical expansion or contraction of the solid with temperature expressed in meters per meter per degree K. ________________________________________________________________________________ »èDebye Temperature The characteristic temperature calculated from the Debye specific heat of a solid state. kT=hv (v = Debye temperature) ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0350 IONIC DATA SCREEN Chemical properties of the selected element's ions are displayed in the third screen of Extended Information. ü Formal Oxidation States é Electron Shells â Standard Reduction Reaction & Potential ä Ist IInd and IIIrd Molar Ionization Energy à Molar Electron Affinity å Pauling Electro-Negativity & Allred-Rochaw Electro-Negativity ç Atomic Energy Levels ê Atomic Radius & Ionic radiuses ________________________________________________________________________________ »üOxidation States The most common oxidation states for the element. A positive number indicates that the element "loses" valence electrons. A negative number is the number of valence electrons which can be gained. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éElectron Shells The electron configuration of the element is expressed as the core of the full inner shells shown as the appropriate inert element symbol inside brackets, e.g. [Kr]. The valence or outer shell electrons are portrayed by the count in each of the subshells: ( s p d f ) The outer shell description is expressed as a code: ┌──── shell number │┌─── subshell letter 3p6── electron count ________________________________________________________________________________ »âStandard Reduction Reaction & Potential The most common redox reactions of the element, expressed as reduction reactions (electron gain). The potential is the value in volts of the electrical potential for that half-reaction to occur. A positive reduc- tion potential means the reduction reaction is thermodynamically favored. A negative potential means the reverse oxidation reaction is favored. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äMolar Ionization Energy The energy required to completely remove one electron (Ist) two electrons (IInd) or three electrons (IIIrd) expressed as kJ per mole. The Ionization Energy is an indication of how strongly an atom holds its outer shell (valence) electrons. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àMolar Electron Affinity The energy difference when an electron is added to the neutral element to form an anion, expressed as kJ per mole. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åElectro-negativity The relative attraction of an atom for the valence electrons in a covalent bond. Two different atoms, bonded together, attract the bonding electrons unequally, resulting in a polar bond. Pauling and Allred-Rochaw devised two different methods or scales for calculating relative electronegativity. ________________________________________________________________________________ »çAtomic Energy Levels Energy Levels calculated for ground state atoms in aJ (10 -1 J) ┌────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┐ │ s │ p │ d │ f │ ├────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┤ │ (n)s │ np │ ns │ ns │ │ (n-1)f │ ns │ (n-1)d │ (n-1)d │ │ (n-1)s │ (n-1)d │ (n-1)p │ (n-1)p │ └────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┘ ________________________________________________________________________________ »êAtomic And Ionic Radii Atomic Radius in pm(10 e-12 m) metals: the 12 coordinate value nonmetals: the covalent bond radii noble gases: the van der Waals radii Ionic radius is based on the 6 coordination number ionic compounds. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0355 NUCLEAR INFORMATION SCREEN The fourth screen of Extended Information contains data about the various isotopes of the current element. Mass Natural Mossbauer Nuclear Spin┌───────── radioisotopes ─────────┐ Number Occurrence NR Quantum # │ ½life decay mode source uses │ ┌─┴──┐ ┌───┴────┐ ┌─┴───┐ ┌────┴────┐ ┌─┴────┐ ┌────┴──┐ ┌───┴─┐ ┌───┴──┐ ü é â ä └──── à ────┘ └─ å ───┘ ü Mass Number é Natural Occurrence â Mossbauer Nuclear Resonance ä Nuclear Spin Quantum number à Radioisotopes half-life and decay mode å Radioisotope source and utility ________________________________________________________________________________ »üMass Number The sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of each nuclide or isotope. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éNatural Occurrence The relative abundance in percent of the total element for each nuclide or isotope as present in nature. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âMossbauer Nuclear Resonance Mossbauer spectroscopy measures the absorption by a nucleus of gammma rays emitted from an excited state nuclear source. As the conditions and energy for the absorption depend on the electron density and bonding about the nucleus, structural information can be obtained. The values displayed are the mass number of nuclides and their resonance absorption gamma energies in fJ (fJ = 10E-15 J). ________________________________________________________________________________ »äNuclear Spin Quantum Number Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons), both with spins of 1/2. These nucleons fill energy shells and their spins interact. The nature of this interaction is described by the nuclear spin quantum number. In nuclei with an even mass number, all the protons and neutrons are paired and their spins cancel, leaving zero nuclear angular momenta (spin = 0). In even-odd and odd-even nuclei the single extra nucleon gives a half-integral spin. Odd-odd nuclei have two unpaired nucleons giving an integral total spin. The nuclear spin in units of h/2*pi is given for nuclides with half-lives greater than 1 year. Those nuclides with zero spin are not listed. The isotope nuclei with the highest NMR receptivity (relative sensitivity times natural abundance) are indicated by the notation **. Those nuclei with the highest NMR sensitivity (if different) are marked with the notation ***. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àRadioisotopes Half-life & Decay Mode The half-life of an isotope is that length of time over which one half of a quantity of the isotope will decay to a lower state. The decay mode is the particle normally emitted during radioisotopic decay. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åRadioisotope Source And Utility The source of the radioisotope as normally detected. Some radioisotopes are detected only in artificial environments. Various isotopes have utility in fields such as medicine, geological and archeological dating, and other fields. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0360 SPECTRAL DATA SCREEN The fifth screen of Extended Information lists the various spectral lines pertaining to the current element. ┌──────────────── detection limits ──────────────┐ wave misc. rel. │ Arc Spark Flame Emission Atomic Absorption │ length info. int. │ µg/g µg/ml µg/ml µg/ml │ ┌──┴──┐ ┌─┴──┐ ┌┴┐ ┌─┴──┐ ┌─┴──┐┌─────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴─────────┐ ü é â ä à å ç ü Wave Length Detection Limits é Miscellaneous Information ä Arc â Relative Intensity à Spark å Flame Emission ç Atomic Absorption ________________________________________________________________________________ »üWave Length The wavelength in angstroms for an absorption or emission line associated with a particular electronic transition for the element. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éMiscellaneous Information Footnotes marked in this column contain information specific to the particular spectral line. ________________________________________________________________________________ »âRelative Intensity The luminous intensity of the spectral band relative to the background luminousity. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äArc Detection Limits The lowest detectable concentration of the element in ppm (parts per million) when the sample is excited by a sustained electrical arc. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àSpark Detection Limits The lowest detectable concentration of the element in ppm (parts per million) when the sample is excited by an electrical spark of 10,000 to 30,000 volts. ________________________________________________________________________________ »åFlame Emission Detection Limits The lowest detectable concentration of the element in ppm (parts per million) when the sample is exposed to combustion within a non- luminous flame. ________________________________________________________________________________ »çAtomic Absorption Detection Limits The lowest detectable concentration of the element in ppm (parts per million) when the sample is analyzed via absorption (dark) spectral lines. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0365 PERIODIC TABLE OPTIONS There are two options with which you can customize the appearance of the Periodic Table Screen. ╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ OPTIONS FOR PERIODIC TABLE DISPLAY ║ ║ ║ ║ [P] Set periodic table style .......... number over symbols ║ ║ [G] Set group symbol convention ....... I.U.P.A.C. ║ ║ [S] Save current user settings ........ saved ║ ║ ║ ║ [esc] Press escape to quit this menu. ║ ╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ The default configuration of the periodic table shows the table filled with the symbols for each element and the cursor selection box displaying the atomic number of the current selection. Pressing the letter P or clicking on that line of the options menu will toggle through the four possible display combinations. In the basic information window, the group designation for the selected element is displayed by default in the I.U.P.A.C. nomenclature. Press G or click that line to change to the traditional nomenclature. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■0370 ELEMENT NAMING EXCEPTIONS AND NOTES The following is an alphabetical list of element names which have alternatives. For more information about these alternates, select the footnote for the element. é Antimony ä Nielsbohrium à Unniloctium ü Argentium â Niobium à Unnilpentium ü Aurum ü Plumbum à Unnilquadium â Columbium é Potassium à Unnilseptium ü Ferrum ä Rutherfordium à Ununbium é Gold ä Seaborgium à Ununhexium ä Hassium é Silver à Ununnilium ü Hydrargium é Sodium à Ununoctium ü Kalium ü Stannum à Ununpentium ä Kurchatovium ü Stibium à Ununquadium é Lead é Tin à Ununseptium ä Meitnerium é Tungsten à Ununtrium é Mercury à Unnilennium à Unununium ü Natrium à Unnilhexium ü Wolfram ________________________________________________________________________________ »üArchaic Names The following archaic names for elements are the origin of the accepted symbol even though the name in common usage has changed. Archaic Name Symbol Modern Name Argentium Ag Silver. Aurum Au Gold. Ferrum Fe Iron. Hydrargium Hg Mercury. Kalium K) Potassium. Natrium Na Sodium. Plumbum Pb Lead. Stannum Sn Tin. Stibium Sb Antimony. Wolfram W Tungsten. ________________________________________________________________________________ »éModern Names The following modern names of elements are not reflected in the accepted symbol. The symbol was derived from an earlier, now archaic name. Modern Name Symbol Archaic Name Silver. Ag Argentium Gold. Au Aurum Iron. Fe Ferrum Mercury. Hg Hydrargium Potassium. K) Kalium Sodium. Na Natrium Lead. Pb Plumbum Tin. Sn Stannum Antimony. Sb Stibium Tungsten. W Wolfram ________________________________________________________________________________ »âEarlier Proposal The element Niobium was proposed to be named Columbium. That name persisted in the literature for several years and may still be seen in old references. ________________________________________________________________________________ »äProposed Names The following element names are proposed for the superheavy elements 104 through 109. Proposed Name Number Structural Name Comment Kurchatovium 104 Unnilquadium by Russian researchers Rutherfordium 104 Unnilquadium by US researchers Hassium 108 Unniloctium * Seaborgium 106 Unnilhexium prop: March 1994 Mietnerium 109 Unnilennium * Nielsbohrium 107 Unnilseptium * Previously proposed for 105 Hahnium 105 Unnilpentium. * Names proposed in September 1992. ________________________________________________________________________________ »àStructural Names Structural names for the superheavy elements 104 - 118. Of these elements, some have discovery claims pending or confirmed and have been tentatively named. ________________________________________________________________________________ ■■